¿El abuso de fármacos en pacientes con migraña crónica influye en la efectividad del tratamiento preventivo con topiramato? / Does medication abuse in patients with chronic migraine influence the effectiveness of preventive treatment with topiramate?

Introducción. Los pacientes con migraña crónica (MC) y abuso de medicación son difíciles de tratar y tienen peor calidad de vida que otros pacientes con migrañas. Objetivo. Valorar si la presencia de abuso de fármacos disminuye la efectividad del topiramato. Pacientes y métodos. Una serie de pacientes con MC fueron agrupados según presentasen criterios de abuso o no abuso de fármacos. Se les aconsejo la supresión del fármaco del cual abusaban. Se ajustó el tratamiento de sus crisis y se inició tratamiento preventivo desde el principio con topiramato. Se valoró el número días con cefalea y migrañas intensas en el mes previo y al cuarto mes de tratamiento. Resultados. Fueron seleccionados 262 pacientes con criterios de MC, y de ellos 167 (63,7%) cumplieron criterios de abuso. En ambos grupos hubo una reducción significativa del número de días con cefalea/mes y numero de crisis de migraña/mes al cuarto mes de tratamiento con topiramato. Porcentaje de reducción de días con cefalea/mes en MC sin abuso, 59,3} 36,1%; y con abuso, 48,7} 41,7% (p = 0,0574). Porcentaje de reducción de migrañas intensas/mes en MC sin abuso, 61,2%; y con abuso, 50% (p = 0,0224). Tasa de respondedores según numero de días con cefalea/mes en MC sin abuso, 69%; y con abuso, 57%. Tasa de respondedores según numero de migrañas intensas/mes en MC sin abuso, 76,8%; y en MC con abuso, 61% (p = 0,0097). Conclusiones. El topiramato fue efectivo en pacientes con MC sin y con abuso de fármacos, aunque con menor efectividad en estos últimos (AU)

Introduction: Patients with chronic migraine (CM) and medication abuse are difficult to treat, and have a greater tendency towards chronification and a poorer quality of life than those with other types of headache. Aim: To evaluate whether the presence of medication abuse lowers the effectiveness of topiramate. Patients and methods: A series of patients with CM were grouped according to whether they met abuse criteria or not. They were advised to stop taking the drug that they were abusing. Treatment was adjusted to match their crises and preventive treatment with topiramate was established from the beginning. The number of days with headache and intense migraine in the previous month and at four months of treatment was evaluated. Results. In all, 262 patients with CM criteria were selected and 167 (63.7%) of them fulfilled abuse criteria. In both groups there was a significant reduction in the number of days with headache/month and number of migraine attacks/month at the fourth month of treatment with topiramate. The percentage of reduction in the number of days with headache/ month in CM without abuse was 59.3} 36.1%, and with abuse, 48.7} 41.7% (p = 0.0574). The percentage of reduction in the number of days with intense migraine/month in CM without abuse was 61.2%, and with abuse, 50% (p = 0.0224). Response rate according to the number of days with headache/month in CM without abuse was 69%, and with abuse, 57%. Response rate according to the number of intense migraines/month in CM without abuse was 76.8%, and in CM with abuse, 61% (p = 0.0097). Conclusions. Topiramate was effective in patients with CM with and without medication abuse, although effectiveness is lower in the latter case (AU)

[A comparative study of the effectiveness of topiramate and flunarizine in independent series of chronic migraine patients without medication abuse]. / Estudio comparativo de la efectividad del topiramato y la flunaricina en series independientes de pacientes con migraña cronica sin abuso de medicacion.

INTRODUCTION: Topiramate and onabotulinumtoxin A have proven to be effective in chronic migraine with or without medication abuse according to recent criteria of the International Headache Society's Headache Classification. AIMS: To show that flunarizine is as effective as topiramate in cases of chronic migraine without medication abuse. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, non-randomised, comparative study of two groups of patients paired by age and sex, with chronic migraine without abuse, who had been treated preventively for the first time with topiramate or flunarizine. RESULTS: Forty patients treated with flunarizine were assigned a patient of their same sex and age who was being treated with topiramate. The mean rate of reduction in intense migraines in the topiramate group was 59% and in the flunarizine group, 58.5% (p = 0.9444); the responder rate at four months of treatment did not show any significant differences either, the figures being 75% for topiramate and 70% for flunarizine (p = 0.6236). The mean reduction of other headaches in the topiramate group was 57% and in the flunarizine group, 64% (p = 0.4261); the responder rate at four months of treatment was similar in the two groups: 76%. The percentage of dropouts from treatment was higher with topiramate (19.5%) than with flunarizine (10%) (p = 0.3493). No serious side effects occurred in either of the groups. In all, 78.9% of the patients who took topiramate said they were satisfied with the drug versus 75% of those in the flunarizine group (p = 0.7903). CONCLUSIONS: Flunarizine proved to be as effective as topiramate in the treatment of chronic migraine without medication abuse.

TITLE: Estudio comparativo de la efectividad del topiramato y la flunaricina en series independientes de pacientes con migraña cronica sin abuso de medicacion.Introduccion. El topiramato y la onabotulinumtoxina A han mostrado ser eficaces en la migraña cronica con o sin abuso de farmacos segun los criterios recientes de la Clasificacion de Cefaleas de la Sociedad Internacional de Cefaleas. Objetivo. Demostrar que la flunaricina es tan efectiva como el topiramato en la migraña cronica sin abuso de farmacos. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio prospectivo, no aleatorizado, comparativo de dos grupos de pacientes con similar edad y sexo, con migraña cronica sin abuso, tratados preventivamente por primera vez con topiramato o flunaricina. Resultados. A 40 pacientes tratados con flunaricina se les asigno un paciente del mismo sexo y edad tratado con topiramato. La media de reduccion de las migrañas intensas en el grupo del topiramato fue del 59% y en el grupo de la flunaricina, del 58,5% (p = 0,9444); la tasa de respondedores al cuarto mes de tratamiento tampoco mostro diferencias significativas, ya que fue del 75% para el topiramato y del 70% para la flunaricina (p = 0,6236). La media de reduccion de otras cefaleas en el grupo del topiramato fue del 57%, y en el grupo de la flunaricina, del 64% (p = 0,4261); la tasa de respondedores al cuarto mes de tratamiento fue del 76%, similar en ambos grupos. El porcentaje de abandonos del tratamiento fue mayor con el topiramato (19,5%) que con la flunaricina (10%) (p = 0,3493). En ninguno de los dos grupos hubo efectos adversos graves. Un 78,9% de los pacientes que tomo topiramato presento satisfaccion con el farmaco frente al 75% del grupo de la flunaricina (p = 0,7903). Conclusion. La flunaricina mostro ser tan efectiva como el topiramato en el tratamiento de la migraña cronica sin abuso de farmacos.

Estudio comparativo de la efectividad del topiramato y la flunaricina en series independientes de pacientes con migraña crónica sin abuso de medicación / A comparative study of the effectiveness of topiramate and flunarizine in independent series of chronic migraine patients without medication abuse

Introducción. El topiramato y la onabotulinumtoxina A han mostrado ser eficaces en la migraña crónica con o sin abuso de fármacos según los criterios recientes de la Clasificación de Cefaleas de la Sociedad Internacional de Cefaleas. Objetivo. Demostrar que la flunaricina es tan efectiva como el topiramato en la migraña crónica sin abuso de fármacos.Pacientes y métodos. Estudio prospectivo, no aleatorizado, comparativo de dos grupos de pacientes con similar edad ysexo, con migraña crónica sin abuso, tratados preventivamente por primera vez con topiramato o flunaricina. Resultados. A 40 pacientes tratados con flunaricina se les asignó un paciente del mismo sexo y edad tratado con topiramato. La media de reducción de las migrañas intensas en el grupo del topiramato fue del 59% y en el grupo de la flunaricina, del 58,5% (p = 0,9444); la tasa de respondedores al cuarto mes de tratamiento tampoco mostró diferencias significativas, ya que fue del 75% para el topiramato y del 70% para la flunaricina (p = 0,6236). La media de reducción de otras cefaleas en el grupo del topiramato fue del 57%, y en el grupo de la flunaricina, del 64% (p = 0,4261); la tasa de respondedores al cuarto mes de tratamiento fue del 76%, similar en ambos grupos. El porcentaje de abandonos del tratamiento fue mayor con el topiramato (19,5%) que con la flunaricina (10%) (p = 0,3493). En ninguno de los dos grupos hubo efectos adversos graves. Un 78,9% de los pacientes que tomó topiramato presentó satisfacción con el fármaco frente al 75% del grupo de la flunaricina (p = 0,7903). Conclusión. La flunaricina mostró ser tan efectiva como el topiramato en el tratamiento de la migraña crónica sin abuso de fármacos (AU)

Introduction. Topiramate and onabotulinumtoxin A have proven to be effective in chronic migraine with or without medication abuse according to recent criteria of the International Headache Society’s Headache Classification. Aims. To show that flunarizine is as effective as topiramate in cases of chronic migraine without medication abuse. Patients and methods. We conducted a prospective, non-randomised, comparative study of two groups of patients paired by age and sex, with chronic migraine without abuse, who had been treated preventively for the first time with topiramate or flunarizine. Results. Forty patients treated with flunarizine were assigned a patient of their same sex and age who was being treated with topiramate. The mean rate of reduction in intense migraines in the topiramate group was 59% and in the flunarizine group, 58.5% (p = 0.9444); the responder rate at four months of treatment did not show any significant differences either, the figures being 75% for topiramate and 70% for flunarizine (p = 0.6236). The mean reduction of other headaches in the topiramate group was 57% and in the flunarizine group, 64% (p = 0.4261); the responder rate at four months of treatment was similar in the two groups: 76%. The percentage of dropouts from treatment was higher with topiramate (19.5%) than with flunarizine (10%) (p = 0.3493). No serious side effects occurred in either of the groups. In all, 78.9% of the patients who took topiramate said they were satisfied with the drug versus 75% of those in the flunarizine group (p = 0.7903). Conclusions. Flunarizine proved to be as effective as topiramate in the treatment of chronic migraine without medication abuse (AU)

Estudio comparativo de grupos independientes de pacientes con migraña episódica tratados preventivamente con flunaricina o nadolol / A study to compare independent groups of patients with episodic migraine who were treated preventively with flunarizine or nadolol

Introducción. La flunaricina, con nivel de evidencia A, y el nadolol, con nivel de evidencia C, estarían indicados como tratamiento preventivo de la migraña. No existen estudios previos que comparen la efectividad de ambos fármacos. Objetivo. Comparar parámetros de efectividad en grupos independientes de pacientes tratados preventivamente con uno de los fármacos del estudio a los que se aplicó el mismo protocolo. Pacientes y métodos. Se seleccionó a pacientes con migraña episódica (criterios de la Sociedad Internacional de Cefaleas del 2004) que se habían sometido a tratamiento preventivo por primera vez, con flunaricina (5 mg/día) o nadolol (20-40 mg/día). Se analizaron las variables principales de efectividad (reducción del número de crisis al cuarto mes de tratamiento y tasa de respondedores). Resultados. Se incluyó a 227 pacientes con intención de recibir tratamiento: 155 con flunaricina (80,5% mujeres; edad media: 38,3 ± 12,1 años) y 72 con nadolol (63,8% mujeres; edad media: 37,1 ± 12,0 años). La media de crisis en el mes previo al tratamiento fue de 6,09 ± 2,6 en el grupo de la flunaricina y de 5,1 ± 1,7 en el grupo del nadolol (p = 0,0079); la media de crisis al cuarto mes de tratamiento fue de 2,61 ± 2,4 en el grupo de la flunaricina y de 2,77 ± 2,4 en el grupo del nadolol (p = NS). Porcentaje de reducción de migrañas: 55,2% con flunaricina y 50,4% con nadolol (p = NS). La tasa de respondedores fue del 69% con flunaricina y del 67% con nadolol (p = NS). La tasa de respuesta excelente (reducción mayor o igual al 75% de las crisis) fue del 52,2% con flunaricina y del 36,1% con nadolol (p = 0,0077). Porcentaje de efectos adversos: 48,3% con flunaricina frente a 25% con nadolol (p = 0,0009). La tasa de satisfacción fue del 68%, similar en ambos grupos. Conclusión. Tanto la flunaricina como el nadolol mostraron ser efectivos en el tratamiento preventivo de la migraña episódica. La flunaricina se utilizó con mayor frecuencia en nuestro medio y fue peor tolerada (AU)

Introduction. Flunarizine, with level of evidence A, and nadolol, with evidence level C, would be indicated as preventive treatment of migraine. Yet, no previous studies have been conducted to compare the effectiveness of the two drugs. Aim. To compare the effectiveness parameters in independent groups of patients treated preventively with one of the pharmaceuticals from the study, the same protocol being applied in both cases. Patients and methods. The subjects selected for the study were patients with episodic migraine (according to 2004 International Headache Society criteria) who had undergone preventive treatment for the first time, with flunarizine (5 mg/day) or nadolol (20-40 mg/day). The main effectiveness variables (reduction in the number of seizures at four months of treatment and responder rates) were analysed. Results. The study included 227 patients who intended to receive treatment: 155 with flunarizine (80.5% females; mean age: 38.3 ± 12.1 years) and 72 with nadolol (63.8% females; mean age: 37.1 ± 12.0 years). The mean number of seizures prior to treatment was 6.09 ± 2.6 in the flunarizine group and 5.1 ± 1.7 in the nadolol group (p = 0.0079); at four months of treatment it was 2.61 ± 2.4 in the flunarizine group and 2.77 ± 2.4 in the nadolol group (p = NS). Percentage of reduction of migraines: 55.2% with flunarizine and 50.4% with nadolol (p = NS). The responder rate was 69% with flunarizine and 67% with nadolol (p = NS). The excellent response rate (reduction in the number of seizures by 75% or more) was 52.2% with flunarizine and 36.1% with nadolol (p = 0.0077). Percentage of adverse side effects: 48.3% with flunarizine and 25% with nadolol (p = 0.0009). The satisfaction rate was similar in both groups, 68%. Conclusions. Both flunarizine and nadolol proved to be effective in the preventive treatment of episodic migraine. Flunarizine is used more often in our milieu and was less well tolerated (AU)

Carotid intima-media thickness as a predictor of response to cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: an open-label trial.

BACKGROUND: Cholinesterase inhibitors are modestly effective in treating patients with Alzheimer's disease. However, there may be important inter-individual variations ranging from no improvement at all to significant improvement and long periods of stabilization. Carotid atherosclerosis is associated with cognitive decline in elderly people. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate whether carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) predicts response to cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of 54 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease were enrolled consecutively in an open-label trial. At baseline, all patients were assessed on the following clinical scales: Mini-Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating, the Hachinski Ischemic Scale, Blessed Dementia Rating Scale, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and a daily-living activities scale (Disability Assessment for Dementia [DAD]). Investigations included magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and a colour echo-Doppler scan of the carotid arteries to measure the maximum IMT. Patients were then commenced on galantamine treatment for 6 months, after which scores on the ADAS-cog, NPI and DAD scales were reassessed. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients completed the study. Their mean age was 77.78 years (SD 6.51 years); 34 patients were female. Galantamine treatment decreased the mean NPI score from 17.68 to 13.86 points, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.07). On the ADAS-cog scale, a modest and nonsignificant mean difference of -0.4 points (p=0.7) was observed. A weak (correlation coefficient r=0.4) but significant correlation between IMT and changes in clinical scale score was found, with low carotid IMT being shown to be a predictor of response on both the ADAS-cog (p=0.003) and NPI (p=0.006) scales; these findings were corroborated in multivariate analysis. For men, the correlation was stronger (r=0.7 and 0.8 for the ADAS-cog and NPI scales, respectively). CONCLUSION: Although the magnitude of effect was moderate, carotid IMT could be a significant predictor of clinical response to cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer's disease and its influence on clinical variables.

Vascular pathology is frequently found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study is to assess the frequency of vascular pathology in the brain in AD patients in a systematic manner and its clinical significance at presentation. A series of 51 patients with mild to moderate AD were consecutively enrolled. At baseline, every patient underwent the following clinical scales: Mini-Mental, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, Ischemic Scale, Blessed Dementia Rating Scale, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive Subscale, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and an Activities of Daily Living Scale (Disability Assessment for Dementia). We also carried out magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and color echo Doppler of carotids to measure the intima-media thickness. White matter hyperintensities were quantitatively evaluated with the Wahlund scale. We did not find correlation between intima-media thicknesses of carotids and clinical scales and between the Wahlund scale and clinical scales. The presence or absence of both microinfarctions and hypertension had no influence in the scores of the clinical scales. We conclude that the vascular component is common in AD but only as coincident pathology.